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majority of California's SIG schools (60 percent) opted for "transformation," the most flexible of the federally approved reform models,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], which requires significant changes to instructional approaches and professional development. Roughly a third of the state's SIG schools opted for the more aggressive "turnaround" model, which mandates that the principal and at least 50 percent of the staff be replaced. The first-year achievement gains attributed to the SIG-funded reforms were largely concentrated at the "turnaround" campuses,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Dee said. There were significant changes to the schools' learning environments in the wake of receiving the SIG grants. As a result of turnover and new hires, the average level of teacher experience at the SIG schools dropped by two years. The restructuring also meant class sizes also got smaller, with the average ratio dropping by about five students for every one teacher. Dee said he was surprised to find any measurable effects of the SIG program in its first